*Ronnie W. Sibunga and Rodelio B. Pasion (Authors)
Abstract
This study examined the career outcomes of Technical Vocational and Livelihood (TVL) education graduates in Butuan City, providing practical insights for educators, policymakers, and industry partners. Using a sequential explanatory research design, a total of 629 TVL graduates from 2018 to 2024 were tracked using both online and face-to-face surveys. Moreover, ten (10) TVL teachers were subjected to Focus Group Discussions (FGD), and six (6) industry partners were Key Informants. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis of quantitative data, while thematic analysis was utilized for the qualitative responses. The following findings were obtained, offering actionable recommendations for improving the employability and career outcomes of TVL graduates.
Keywords: TVL graduates, career outcomes, Employability
DOI: https://doi.org/10.69651/PIJHSS0403275
Recommended citation
Sibunga, R.W., Pasion, R.B. (2025). Assessing the career exits of the Technical Vocational and Livelihood (TVL) Education graduates in Butuan City Division. Pantao: International Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 4 (3), 3106 – 3118. https://doi.org/10.69651/PIJHSS0403275
Read the full text
References
Abd Majid, M. Z., Hussin, M., Norman, M. H., &Kasavan, S. (2020). The employability skills among students of public higher education institution in Malaysia. Geografia, 16(1).
Adlawan, R. J. (2024). A tracer study of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (BSBA) graduates of Hinatuan Southern College, Hinatuan, Surigao del Sur [Unpublished thesis]. Saint Joseph Institute of Technology.
Alinea, J. M., Garcia, C., Lagado, S., &Noblefranca, S. M. (2024). Employability skills of senior high school tech-voc students: A measure of industry preparedness. Interdisciplinary Research Review, 19(4).
Asian Development Bank. (2019). Republic of the Philippines: Secondary education support system. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/45089-004-sd-08.pdf
Arban, J. C., Enad, F., &Pabalan, A. (2024). The senior high school technical-vocational-livelihood track: Implementation and challenges. Psych Educ, 26(1), 6–12.
Autentico, J. M., &Alerta, G. (2020). Incidence of job mismatch among TVL graduates in Butuan City, Philippines. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, 6, 164–176.
Awi, E., Calasin, R. C., & de Guzman, R. (2022). What now? The senior high school graduates’ curriculum exit. Luz y Saber, 15(2), 1–1.
Barrera, R. (2022). Availability of instructional materials model of the technical-vocational livelihood curriculum implementation for public senior high schools. In International Conference on Emerging Technology and Interdisciplinary Sciences (pp. 89–113).
Carada, I., Aliazas, J. V., Palacio, L., & Palacio, C. (2022). Perceived skills and employability of senior high school graduates: Basis for youth employment policy. The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, 9, 6759–6766. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v9i01.05
Cielo, J. S. C., &Niez, R. A. (2023). Personality traits and employability skills of Grade 12 student interns: Basis for enhanced school immersion program. OPSearch: American Journal of Open Research, 2(8), 616–634.
Colcol, E. (2019, October 12). DepEd eyes possibility of having Kto12 graduates hired by the government. GMA News Online. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/706735/deped-eyes-possibility-of-having-k-to-12-graduates-hired-by-gov-t/story/
Deblois, E. C. (2021). The employment profile of graduates in a state university in Bicol Region, Philippines. Journal of Education, Management and Development Studies, 1(1), 33–41.
Department of Education. (2016). Department Memorandum Number 76, series of 2016: Senior High School Manual of Operations Volume One. https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DM_s2016_076.pdf
Fan, Y., Zheng, H., Ebonite, R. S., De Asis, W. R., &Juanatas, R. A. (2024). Overview and developmental analysis of China’s technical and vocational education and training. International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 7(1), 251–260.
Garcia, M., & Rivera, A. (2020). Career planning and development in the Philippine education system. Education Press.
Hashim, S., Luta, G. R. A., &Nincarean, D. (2023). Adaptive strategies for technical and vocational education and training (TVET) science educators: Navigating online home-based learning. ASEAN Journal for Science Education, 3(2), 113–128.
Jaca, C. A. L., &Javines, F. (2022). Hybrid collaborative model of technical-vocational-livelihood (TVL) track in senior high school in the Philippines. TVET Asia.
JobStreet.com. (2020). Fresh Graduate Report: Fresh graduate hiring shows shifts in demand and preferences. https://www.jobstreet.com.ph/career-resources/freshgraduate-hiring-shows-shifts-demand-preferences
Lent, R. W. (2002). Social cognitive career theory. In Career choice and development. Jossey-Bass.
Mamba, M., Tamayo, A., &Vecaldo, R. (2020). College readiness of Filipino K to 12 graduates: Insights from a criterion-referenced test. International Journal of Education and Practice, 8(4), 625–637.
Manuel, S. D. (2024). Career trajectory: A tracer study of the TVET tourism diploma program at Agusan del Sur College, Bayugan City [Unpublished thesis]. Saint Joseph Institute of Technology.
Marginson, S. (2019). Limitations of human capital theory. Studies in Higher Education, 44(2), 287–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1359823
Montemayor, T. (2019, November 11). DepEd, TESDA ink pact to enhance Tech-Voc education. Philippines News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1074481
Malipot, M. H. (2019, May 31). DepEd to focus on improving quality of education in the coming years—Briones. Manila Bulletin. https://news.mb.com.ph/2019/05/31/deped-to-focus-on-improving-quality-of-education-in-the-coming-years-briones/
Matt, C. T. D., Rosales, V. S., &Requino, R. B. (2024). Determining gender issues in technical and vocational education and training (TVET) and its influencing factors in the Philippines. International Journal of Religion, 5(10), 1395–1404.
Mateo, J. (2018, September 13). 600,000 SHS graduates to join the workforce. The Philippine Star. http://bit.ly/2KSu3bk
Metante, J. T. (2024). Elevating educational quality: Evaluating the Senior High School (SHS)-Technical Vocational Livelihood (TVL) caregiving program with Stufflebeam’s CIPP (context, input, process, and product) evaluation model. International Journal of Educational Researchers (IJERs), 15(3).
Morales, L. (2019). Workplace readiness through skills training programs. Skills Development Publishing.
Nazario, D. (2019, July 10). TESDA, DepEd strengthen partnership in evaluating Tech-Voc track in Senior High. Manila Bulletin. https://news.mb.com.ph/2019/07/10/tesda-deped-strengthen-partnership-in-elevating-tech-voc-track-in-senior-hvigh/
Nellas, L. (2022). Sustainable quality in technology vocational livelihood (TVL) instructions through technology intervention. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 5(1), 21–40.
Padios, A., Lejano, R., Gorospe, S., & De Asis, V. (2021). Strand and statehood predictors of senior high school graduates: A tracer study. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 55(1), 211–224.
Pajares, G. G., Yadao, M., Bongcales, M., Avenido, J., Roda, L., Foronda, J., &Susada, J. (2018). The sectoral and skills mismatch between the Senior High School Program and the top in-demand jobs and projected in-demand jobs in the Province of Cebu, Philippines. Researchers World: Journal of Arts, Science and Commerce, 9(2), 187–199. https://doi.org/10.18843/rwjasc/v9i2/24
Panth, B., & Maclean, R. (2020). Anticipating and preparing for emerging skills and jobs. Springer Nature.
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2019). Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP): All regional economies grow in 2018. https://psa.gov.ph/regional-accounts/grdp
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2021, July 7). 2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH) population counts declared official by the President. https://psa.gov.ph/content/2020-census-population-and-housing-2020-cph-population-counts-declared-official-president
Quimod, M. T., Alegata, W. C. G., & Madrigal, D. V. (2023). e-Modyul: Technical-vocational-livelihood support learning management system. Technium Education and Humanities, 5, 9–26.
Republic Act No. 10533. (2013). Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10533/
Romero, J. D., Sanchez, L. C., &Akiapat, G. D. (2024). Assessing career readiness among technical vocational home economics graduates: A literature review.
Robles, J., &Amante, R. (2019). The role of vocational education in employability. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 11(2), 45–58.
Sakdapat, N. (2024). Approaches for sustainable professional skill development for vocational education students in Thailand. F1000Research, 13, 401.
Santos, J., Blas, L., Panganiban, A., Reyes, K., &Sayo, J. (2019). Alignment of senior high school strand in college course. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3441109
Santos, P., Dela Cruz, L., & Navarro, J. (2020). Enhancing student career preparedness through TVET. Philippine Journal of Education, 95(4), 22–30.
Suroto, S., Sunyono, S., Sukirlan, M., Winatha, I. K., Yuliyanto, R., &Rahmawati, F. (2024). Factors affecting the work readiness of vocational school students: A systematic literature review. Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif, 14(3), 1831–1846.
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority. (2019). Skills Certificate Equivalency Program (SCEP). https://tesda.gov.ph/About/TESDA/112
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority. (2019). TESDA, DepEd bolster tech-voc in the basic education curriculum. http://tesda.gov.ph/Gallery/Details/10313
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority. (2019). National Technical Education and Skills Development Plan 2018–2022. https://tesda.gov.ph/About/TESDA/21
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority. (2018). TESDA partners with PCCI to curb job-skills mismatch. http://tesda.gov.ph/Gallery/Details/1112
Vallesteros, M. F. (2022, July). School learning environment and the employability scheme for Grade 12 Technical Vocational Livelihood (TVL) students. In Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Conference on Multidisciplinary Research (APCMR) (Vol. 30, p. 31).
Van de Werfhorst, H. G. (2002). Fields of study, acquired skills and the wage benefit from a matching job. Acta Sociologica, 45(4), 286–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/000169930204500403
Wang, D., Liu, X., & Deng, H. (2022). The perspectives of social cognitive career theory approach in current times. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1023994.