Author

Rowena B. Abante*
Malago Mangyan School, Schools Division of Oriental Mindoro., Oriental Mindoro, Philippines

Abstract

This study focused on the relationship between management functions, school heads’ performance, and school outcomes in public elementary schools in Oriental Mindoro. The study employed a descriptive quantitative design employing multiple linear regression analysis to analyze the relationships between the variables. The respondents were composed of 238, which is a combination of 119 head teachers and 119 teachers from public elementary schools in 14 Districts in the Division of Oriental Mindoro. Data were gathered through a self-made questionnaire, Office Performance Commitment and Review Form (OPCRF) and document analysis based on school record. The results indicated that the management functions were very high, while the performances were very satisfactory, especially in instructional leadership. The schools also produced favorable achievements with regard to a high rate of enrollment, promotion, retention, and cohort survival rate, but low repetition and school leavers. The study further found that leading was the strongest management function influencing school head performance and selected school outcomes, while organizing and controlling showed some negative effects on certain indicators. Instructional leadership was positively associated with student retention, whereas school leadership and management operations were negatively related to gross enrollment rate. Moreover, the performance of school heads did not mediate the relationship between management functions and school outcomes, suggesting that broader contextual and external factors also influence school performance. Based on these findings, the study proposed the Management-Outcome Alignment Framework (MOAF), which highlights the importance of integrating management functions, leadership performance, stakeholder participation, contextual factors, and continuous feedback mechanisms to improve school effectiveness and educational outcomes.

Keywords:  Management function, performance, school outcomes, management-outcome alignment framework.

*Corresponding author / Email: wenjerebecoy2022@gmail.com
DOI: http://doi.org/10.69651/PIJHSS05031456

Recommended citation:
Abante, R. B. (2026). Management function, performance and school outcomes towards a management-outcome alignment framework. Pantao (International Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences) 5 (3), 3205-3217. http://doi.org/10.69651/PIJHSS05031456

Read the full text

References

Acera, J., & Tan, M. R. (2023). The influence of the school head’s competencies and leadership practices towards their performance. https://ijsshr.in/v6i5/60.php

Afalla, B. T. (2020). Managing educational institutions: School heads’ leadership practices and teachers’ performance. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education. https://ijere.iaescore.com/index.php/IJERE/article/downloadSuppFile/21518/3171

Afram, K. O. O., Okeyo, W., & Kwarteng, C. (2024). Effect of school leadership on academic performance of public senior high schools in Ghana. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science. https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/articles/effect-of-school-leadership-on-academic-performance-of-public-senior-high-schools-in-ghana/

Aquino, C. J. C., Afalla, B. T., & Fabelico, F. L. (2021). Managing educational institutions: School heads’ leadership practices and teachers’ performance. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 10(4), 1325–1333. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v10i4.21518

Battad, J. L. (2024). Instructional leadership skills of school heads and its relation to the self-efficacy of elementary teachers in Castillejos District. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 5(8), 3071–3078. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.05.08.12

Bush, T. (2011). Theories of educational leadership and management (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Dayuha, M. (2024). Management competence of school heads and the academic performance of secondary schools in Eastern Visayas. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16(9), 956–966. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10578662

Department of Education. (2020). National adoption and implementation of the Philippine Professional Standards for School Heads (DepEd Order No. 024, s. 2020). https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/DO_s2020_024-.pdf

Department of Education. (2024). Policy guidelines on the implementation of the revised School-Based Management System (DepEd Order No. 007, s. 2024). https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/DO_s2024_007.pdf

Devanadera, C., & Ching, D. (2023). School head’s managerial roles as correlates of organizational performance. International Journal of Educational Management and Development Studies, 4(3), 110–133. https://doi.org/10.53378/353015

Di Liberto, A., Giua, L., Schivardi, F., Sideri, M., & Sulis, G. (2023). Managerial practices and student performance: Evidence from changes in school principals. IZA Institute of Labor Economics. https://docs.iza.org/dp16203.pdf

Fontillas, E., & Cabal, E. (2023). School management practices, pupils’ academic achievement, and teachers’ work performance during COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 4, 976–986. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.04.03.27

Gamala, J. J., & Marpa, E. P. (2022). School environment and school heads’ managerial skills: Looking into their relationships to school’s performance. International Journal on Social and Education Sciences, 4(2), 218–235. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijonses.285

Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. H. (1998). Exploring the principal’s contribution to school effectiveness: 1980–1995. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 9(2), 157–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/0924345980090203

Hallinger, P., & Murphy, J. (1985). Assessing the instructional management behavior of principals. The Elementary School Journal, 86(2), 217–247. https://doi.org/10.1086/461445

Hasriani, H., Rosma, R., & Kasmawati, L. (2023). The role of principal management in improving teacher performance. QISTINA: Jurnal Multidisiplin Indonesia, 2, 796–804. https://doi.org/10.57235/qistina.v2i2.714

Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2020). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership revisited. School Leadership & Management, 40, 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2019.1596077

Lustestica, J., & Digo, G. (2024). Assessment of school heads’ management practices on teachers’ professional development. International Journal of Social Sciences and Educational Research Studies, 4(6). https://doi.org/10.55677/ijssers/V04I6Y2024-02

Malik, M. I., Akram, M., & Iqbal, Z. (2022). Comparing head teachers’ effectiveness and school performance through teachers’ ratings. Pakistan Social Sciences Review. https://pssr.org.pk/issues/v6/2/comparing-head-teachers-effectiveness-and-school-performance-through-teachers-ratings.pdf

Memela, G. K. S., & Ramrathan, L. (2022). The perspective of school leadership and management: The role of the school principal in academic learner performance. South African Journal of Education, 42(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje

Pacumba, A. A. (2024). Instructional leadership of school heads and followership styles of teachers as constructs of work performance of public elementary teachers of Cotabato City Division. International Journal of Progressive Research in Engineering Management and Science, 4(6), 162–168.

Quimerista, A. H. (2022). Leadership matters: An in-depth analysis of school heads’ professional profile, leadership styles, and management functions in shaping teachers and school performance. International Journal of Management and Research, 10(3), 1–15. https://eprajournals.com/IJMR/article/14067

Sariakin, S., Yeni, M., Usman, M. B., Mare, A. S., Munzir, M., & Saleh, M. (2025). Fostering a productive educational environment: The roles of leadership, management practices, and teacher motivation. Frontiers in Education, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1499064

Silva, P., & Andal, E. (2023). School head’s governance in managing school operations and resources as correlate of public elementary school’s performance. International Journal of Research Publications, 127. https://doi.org/10.47119/IJRP1001271620235130

Valenzuela, E., & Buenvinida, L. (2021). Managing school operations and resources in the new normal and performance of public schools in one school division in the Philippines. International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 3, 149–157. https://doi.org/10.54476/iimrj296

Willis, M., & Varner, L. (2010). Factors that affect teacher morale. Academic Leadership: The Online Journal, 8(4), 24. https://scholars.fhsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? article=1524&context=alj

Zhang, S. & Usaho, K. (2018). Factors affecting School Administration Effectiveness in Public Upper Secondary Schools of Heze City, Shandong Provinve, the People’s Republic of China. Master’s Thesis, Eastern Asia University