Author

Janine Kyna Daodawon Tumapang*
Purok 2, Bulanao Central School, Purok 4, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga, Philippines

Abstract

This study explored the lived experiences of parents as primary facilitators of printed modular learning at Bulanao Central School. Using a qualitative phenomenological design, fourteen (14) parents were purposively selected and interviewed, with data analyzed through Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis. Findings revealed four major themes: (1) Parents’ Experiences, where parents acted as “home teachers,” balancing stress and fulfillment; (2) Difficulties faced, such as learners’ focus, unclear instructions, difficult content, and time constraints; (3) Parental Coping Strategies, like giving rewards/incentives, minimizing distractions, and simplifying lessons; (4) Parental Recommendations for Improvement, which highlighted parent orientations, clearer modules, more references, and reduced workloads. The study concludes that although parents play a vital role, their effectiveness is limited by instructional gaps. It is then recommended that parents should guide, motivate, and monitor children’s completion of modules; teachers and school administrators should provide age-appropriate instructions and conduct orientations and seminars to equip parents with effective teaching strategies;  module developers should simplify instructions and reduce the number of learning activities to align with learners’ capabilities; policymakers and DepEd should develop policies that promote home-school collaboration and provide assistive tools especially to parents with limited education and literacy. Such enhancements are vital for strengthening parental involvement, home-school collaboration, and ensuring the sustainability of alternative learning modalities.

Keywords: Parental involvement, modular learning, alternative learning modalities, phenomenological study, home-school collaboration.

*Corresponding author/ Email: tumapangjaninekyna@gmail.com
DOI: http://doi.org/10.69651/PIJHSS0502909

Recommended citation:
Tumapang, J. K. D. (2026). Parental involvement in children’s modular learning. Pantao (The International Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences) 5 (2), 331-343. http://doi.org/10.69651/PIJHSS0502909

Read the full text

References

Anderson, J., & Rivera, M. (2021). Family engagement in remote learning environments during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Family and Education, 5(3), 112–120.

Annogui, J. A. (2024). Exploring parents’ involvement in the skills development of kindergarten learners: A basis for parent-teacher partnership program. Saint Louis College of Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga.

Bangcawayan, N. G. (2022). Modular Learning Among The Intermediate Pupils in Western Tanudan, District, Kalinga Division. Kalinga State University

Bauyon, S. M., Panganiban, J. L., & Lopez, R. M. (2021). Parental involvement in modular distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Educational Research Review, 6(3), 45–52.

Bautista, E. R., Cruz, M. A., & Dela Peña, R. L. (2022). Parental support and learner motivation in distance education. Philippine Journal of Educational Studies, 14(1), 33–46.

Bhamani, S., Makhdoom, A. Z., Bharuchi, V., Ali, N., Kaleem, S., & Ahmed, D. (2020). Home learning in times of COVID-19: Experiences of parents. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 7(1), 9–26.

Binaloga, M. R. (2025). Monitoring learners’ academic progress in modular distance learning. Philippine Social Science Journal, 8(1), 75–84.

Bonilla, J. T., et al. (2021). Parental roles and challenges in distance learning. International Journal of Educational Studies, 14(3), 112–125.

Calaminos, L. P. (2023). Parental engagement in supporting modular learning among elementary pupils. Asia Pacific Journal of Educational Perspectives, 10(1), 55–63.

Campano, J. (2021). The parent learning support system program. Saint Louis College of Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga.

Castro, L. M., & Ramos, A. P. (2022). Parental involvement and student engagement in distance learning. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 8(2), 77–86.

Co, M. A. (2020). Parents Involvement on Students Outcomes In The Secondary Schools in Balbalan District, Kalinga Division. Kalinga State University

De Paz et al. (2024), titled Lived Experiences of Parents Supporting Printed Modular Learning.

De Paz, R. M., Torres, J. D., & Villanueva, M. L. (2024). Parents’ experiences in assisting learners in modular distance learning. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research, 13(2), 115–124.

Delgado, P. M. (2021). Learning at home: Parental challenges during school closures. International Journal of Learning and Teaching, 13(2), 101–110.

Department of Education. (2020). Learning continuity plan for basic education. DepEd.

Department of Education. (2021). Policy guidelines on the implementation of modular distance learning. DepEd.

Dong, C., Cao, S., & Li, H. (2021). Young children’s online learning during COVID-19 pandemic: Chinese parents’ beliefs and attitudes. Children and Youth Services Review, 118, 105440.

Dizon, R. L. (2022). Educational resilience among families in distance learning. Philippine Education Review, 16(3), 98–110.

Fernandez, J. P. (2023). Supporting learners in home-based instruction during pandemic schooling. Journal of Educational Development, 12(2), 55–63.

Friales, M. G., Santos, R. P., & Mendoza, J. C. (2022). Parents as facilitators of modular learning in basic education. Philippine Journal of Education, 95(1), 34–42.

Garbe, A., Ogurlu, U., Logan, N., & Cook, P. (2020). COVID-19 and remote learning: Experiences of parents with children during the pandemic. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 4(3), 45–65.

Garbe, A., Logan, N., & Cook, P. (2021). Parental stress during distance learning. Educational Research Review, 15(2), 55–70.

Garcia, M. T. (2022). Parental supervision and learners’ academic performance in distance learning. Educational Measurement and Evaluation Review, 13(1), 88–99.

Hernandez, P. L. (2021). Household learning environments and student motivation. International Journal of Educational Research, 109, 101802.

Ibrahim, A., & Hassan, R. (2020). Family engagement in children’s education during COVID-19. Education Sciences, 10(9), 245.

Jamon, R. M., Jamon, J. B., Bendebel, A. F., & Tayong, K. C. (2022). Parents as home tutors in modular learning modality. International Journal of Educational Management and Development Studies, 3(2), 78–90.

Johnson, D., & Johnson, R. (2021). Home learning support and academic outcomes. Journal of Educational Research, 114(3), 267–276.

Kim, L. E., & Asbury, K. (2020). “Like a rug had been pulled from under you”: Teachers’ and parents’ experiences during COVID-19. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(4), 1062–1083.

King, M. L. (2023). Challenges experienced by parents in home-based learning environments. Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 13(1), 112–120.

Laygo, R. L., Bautista, J. P., & Ramirez, S. P. (2022). Parental participation and learners’ development in modular distance learning. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 42(3), 389–401.

Lopez, R. M. (2022). Parental assistance in modular instruction. Philippine Journal of Basic Education, 5(2), 77–86.

Luaña, M. P. (2021). Parental strategies in guiding learners in answering self-learning modules. Philippine Journal of Educational Research, 11(2), 88–97.

Malanga, M. R., Diaz, J. L., & Caballero, P. A. (2020). Learning spaces at home: Parental practices during modular learning. Journal of Educational Innovation, 6(2), 23–31.

Manlangit, P., Paglumotan, A., & Sapera, S. (2020). Nanay, tatay, teacher: Parents’ involvement in modular distance learning. FlipScience.

Martinez, A. P. (2023). Learner independence in modular learning environments. Educational Research International, 2023, 1–9.

Martinez, R. L. (2023). Household educational support during distance learning. Education and Society Review, 18(2), 70–82.

Murro, C. D., Reyes, A. F., & Castro, L. M. (2023). Difficulties encountered by parents assisting children in modular learning. International Journal of Educational Development, 17(2), 64–73.

Naquila, R. D. (2023). Parental stress and coping mechanisms in home-based learning. Philippine Journal of Social Sciences, 8(1), 55–67.

Navarro, J. M. (2022). The role of family support in distance learning. Journal of Learning Development, 11(2), 120–131.

Olivo, M. G. (2021). Parents’ perspectives on modular distance learning implementation. Journal of Education and Learning, 15(4), 570–579.

Ortega, C. D. (2021). Parents’ engagement in children’s academic activities at home. Educational Studies Journal, 47(3), 325–336.

Pennington, J. R., Richards, M., & Hurst, C. (2024). Parent-teacher collaboration in distance learning contexts. Educational Studies Review, 19(1), 98–108.

Perez, L. F. (2023). Motivational strategies used by parents in home learning. Journal of Educational Psychology Research, 9(2), 90–101.

Reyes, K. M. (2021). Family dynamics in remote learning settings. International Journal of Education and Development, 41(2), 54–62.

Rodriguez, S. P. (2022). Academic support practices among parents. Educational Management Review, 8(1), 34–43.

Salazar, J. M. (2021). Distance education and parental responsibilities. Journal of Educational Leadership and Policy, 6(2), 60–71.

Santos, R. P. (2023). Student engagement in home-based learning environments. Journal of Educational Innovation, 10(1), 77–86.

Torres, J. D. (2024). Time management strategies of parents in modular learning. Philippine Educational Management Journal, 15(1), 58–69.

Tibon, M. (2020). The new normal in basic education: Challenges in modular distance learning. Philippine Journal of Educational Leadership, 9(1), 12–22.

Valdez, A. L. (2022). Home supervision and learner achievement. Educational Research Quarterly, 45(3), 23–36.

Villanueva, M. L. (2023). Parental involvement and educational success in distance learning. International Journal of Education Studies, 7(1), 91–102.

Yap, C. P. (2021). Learning continuity during pandemic schooling. Journal of Asian Education Studies, 6(2), 100–110.

Zamora, J. R. (2022). Parental support in alternative learning modalities. Philippine Journal of Educational Development, 12(3), 72–84.