Author

Chester Ryan M. Pascua*
Cebu Technological University – Danao Campus, Cebu City, Cebu, Philippines

Abstract

The effectiveness of Technical-Vocational and Livelihood (TVL) track offerings serves as a key determinant of students’ skills acquisition and transition from classroom learning to career opportunities. Assessing the current conditions of TVL programs in secondary schools of Cebu Province and the Division of Danao City during Academic Year 2025–2026, the study involved 332 TLE and TVL teachers selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire that gathered information on teacher demographics and their perceptions of essential program components, including learning facilities, industry linkages, teacher training, stakeholder participation, student skills development, and employability. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the adequacy of program components, while Pearson correlation analyzed the relationships among variables. Findings revealed that the TVL teaching workforce was predominantly experienced, with most teachers holding National Certificates (NC II) and pursuing graduate studies. Respondents generally perceived the program components as adequate; however, facility maintenance and the strength of industry linkages recorded the lowest mean scores. Correlation analysis demonstrated a strong positive relationship between the condition of TVL offerings and student skills development (r = .703, p < .001) and a significant positive relationship between skills development and employability (r = .584, p < .001). Based on these findings, a structured action plan is proposed, focusing on facility upgrading, formalized industry partnerships, continuous teacher training, and enhanced career preparation strategies to strengthen program quality, foster learner competencies, and ensure sustainable employability outcomes.

Keywords: Career readiness, employability, skills development, Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (TVL), teacher training.

*Corresponding author/ Email: chesterryan.pascua@deped.gov.ph
DOI: http://doi.org/10.69651/PIJHSS05021027

Recommended citation:
Pascua, C. R. M. (2026). TVL track offerings’ current conditions as predictors of skills development and employability. Pantao (The International Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences) 5 (2), 2053-2069. http://doi.org/10.69651/PIJHSS05021027

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